![]() These nuclei are inhaled by the animal and deposited deep into the alveolar regions of the lungs. The most reproducible technique available is the generation of an aerosol cloud of very small droplet nuclei containing the bacilli. Lung infections can be simulated by intra-nasal or intra-tracheal inoculation techniques, but in these protocols there tends to be a high degree of variability in the ultimate delivery of bacilli into the alveoli. The aerogenic infection route for mice and guinea pigs is the most relevant to the human disease. ![]() After this response, the infection enters a chronic phase, particularly in the spleen and lungs, in which bacterial numbers do not appreciably change over long periods of time. Intravenous inoculation of mice with 1.0 × 10 5–10 6 colony-forming units (cfu) of M.tuberculosis results in a systemic infection in which a protective immune response becomes evident over the first 1 to 2 weeks. Mice can be infected with mycobacteria by a variety of routes, including intravenous or aerogenic routes. However, because of the differences in susceptibility between the two models, the mouse is generally used to define the host protective immune response to the disease, while the guinea pig is used as a model of the progressive pathology of tuberculosis. To model these aspects the guinea pig low-dose aerosol infection model has been further developed in recent years since it shares many of these clinical features with the human disease ( McMurray, 2003 Basaraba, 2008).īoth mice and guinea pigs can be productively infected with strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The one notable disadvantage of the mouse model is that the pulmonary and extra-pulmonary pathology following aerosol challenge lacks important morphologic features that are commonly seen in humans with untreated tuberculosis. Mice are the most widely used small animal model because of the broad availability of immunological reagents, relatively low cost and the availability of inbred and genetically engineered strains with well defined genotypes. We resolve to eliminate inequities and address behaviors that do not align with our values.įor the complete Positional Statement on Inclusivity and a comprehensive list of our policies, please visit our library.A wide variety of animal models have been used to test new vaccines and drugs ( Orme, 2005 Orme, 2006 McMurray, 2005 Johnson, 2005 Williams 2009). Membership is open to all individuals who identify as women and who have a sincere desire to uphold our shared values, as outlined in Article II. In our membership selection processes and in the life-long membership experience, Delta Gamma Fraternity and its members do not discriminate on the basis of race, ethnicity, religious affiliation, color, creed, national origin, sexual orientation, marital status, physical disability or other protected identities. Our Positional Statement on Inclusivity states: Delta Gamma Fraternity is committed to cultivating an inclusive and equitable environment and experience for our members, potential new members and communities. In celebrating our differences, we build meaningful connections. Instead of seeing barriers, we embrace more open perspectives. Though Delta Gamma was founded more than a century ago, we are a future-oriented organization determined to bring together like-minded women from varied backgrounds.
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